Ostracods are minute aquatic crustaceans, which occur in all marine environments as well as in a broad spectrum of freshwater settings and even in humid terrestrial habitats. This broad ecological adaptation makes them an ideal group for studying aquatic paleo-ecosystems. Due to this wide environmental range, they are also best suited for studying the evolution of the Amazon system both on a temporal and spatial scale. Drill cores and surface outcrops demonstrate that ostracods occur throughout the sections and in different environments, frequently in great abundances and variable states of preservation (Gross et al., 2014).
Foraminifers are marine organisms capable of forming complex tests of CaCO3 or of agglutinated material. Only a few taxa can tolerate freshwater conditions. The most tolerant forms belong to calcareous forms of the hyaline Ammonia and Elphidium groups or to the agglutinated Textularia group. These taxa are well known to occur in near-freshwater settings, however, they have previously been used, along with other floral and faunal elements, as indicators of marine incursions into the Amazon basin (e.g., Uba et al., 2009; Linhares et al., 2011; Boonstra et al., 2015). The latter results indicate the necessity for oxygen and strontium isotopic analyses of all foraminiferans encountered in drill core to determine paleo-salinity of their host waters.
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